Computerized Accounting System Essay

Background of the Study Every school is dedicated to the improvement of its quality of education. And one of it is by upgrading their school existing system for the convenience of both teachers and students. Though computers become very easy and convenient to use, there are still existing manual system among schools. Technology was endorse to us decades ago, and it’s still growing rapidly up until now and progressing more and more so we have no choice but to catch up to these seasonal change in the field of technological modernization so that we can make our school capable of competing other modernize schools. In high school, they always want to be one of the best schools in the region. And for that, they need the requirements to be strictly implemented into their schools so that students that were graduating in elementary will go to their school. For them to be aim these goals, this is where our system will be needed to raise the schools moral to the students that was enrolled and will choose the school to enrol for on the next years to come. Our study is concerned with the process of calculation and collection of student fees of Saint Louis High School of Balatoc. Computations of tuition fees are done manually that makes it risky because it causes some errors in calculation that sometimes leads to a double payment. As a result of the manual system, students tend to form a very long line before reaching the cashier to pay tuition fees. It’s really a pain in the head for the students because i felt that way too when I was at high school years before. Back to the study, Parents even come to school and complain on double payments because the computation is done manually and we are humans and we can’t afford to make some human errors sometimes. With these, we came up with a study, a computerized account receivable system. With the use of the computerized system, forming lines during payments will be lessened or even eliminated. It will help the student for not getting late on every examination period to their designated classes. It will also facilitate automatic and accurate computation of fees that take less time and effort compared to their existing manual computation system. Double payments will also be prevented and even eliminated because you will  just enter the keywords and the computer will do the rest. Above all, it will make your work faster and easier with ease and less overtime papers works.

William blake-the lamb summary and analysis

William Blake-the lamb summary and analysis THE LAMB Summary The speaker, identifying himself as a child, asks a series of questions of a little lamb, and then answers the questions for the lamb. He asks if the lamb knows who made it, who provides it food to eat, or who gives it warm wool and a pleasant voice. The speaker then tells the lamb that the one who made it is also called â€Å"the Lamb† and is the creator of both the lamb and the speaker. He goes on to explain that this Creator s meek and mild, and Himself became a little child.The speaker finishes by blessing the lamb in God's name. Analysis William Flake's â€Å"The Lamb† is an intricately complex poem written in 1789. The poem takes its central focus the grand question of creation, but it does so in an understated way, opening as a simple question to a sweet, delicate creature: â€Å"Little Lamb, who made thee? † The first half of the two-stanza poem has the speaker ask the lamb who is responsible fo r life and creation of this sweet creature with the â€Å"softest looting† of delight† and â€Å"Gave thee such a tender voice. The lamb functions as a symbol for the connection between humanity and the natural world. Associated with the rural English countryside, the lamb is also a symbol of pastoral innocence, bridging the gap between the urban world of humanity and the natural world of God's creation. Pastoral life also takes a central position in the poem. The collection of work in which this poem appears, â€Å"Songs of Innocence,† includes many Astoria scenes.These idyllic images of life outside of bustling cities firmly establishes a sense of peace and tranquility within these poems, including the â€Å"The Lamb. † This connects the figures of the poem to the natural world, where the figures of the poem can contemplate their existence without the interference of completely human elements. Flake's gentle phrasing lends a reflective, spiritual mood t o the piece, which answers the question in first-person narrative in the second stanza that higher power is responsible.In answering as Jesus Christ, Blake displays his own reverence for God in the phrases: â€Å"He is called by thy name, For He calls Himself a Lamb. He is meek, and He is mild; He became a little child. I a child, and thou a lamb, We are called by His name. Little Lamb, God bless thee! Little Lamb, God bless thee! † By stating the lamb's creator as Jesus Christ, Blake is establishing that everyone is in some sense a little lamb, created by God.

Aristotle on the Soul Essay

Aristotle’s notion differs from the usual conception of a soul as some sort of substance occupying the body, existing separately and eternally. To him, the soul is the essence of a living thing. The soul is what makes an organism an organism at all by actualizing its potential for life, and it’s constituted by its capacity for activities essential to that specific type of being. His investigation into the nature of the soul demonstrates basic principles of his philosophical theories at work, including Hylomorphism, potentiality and actuality, and his four causes. His use of these theories in analyzing and teasing out the complexities of the soul make for a cohesive and comprehensive study, easily amenable with his other works. In this paper I will analyze his notion of the soul as described in De Anima, recounting how he came to define the soul, the explanation of the soul, how the souls of different kinds of ensouled beings differ, and his unique concept of how the soul is related to the body. Aristotle begins Book 1 of De Anima by stating that since the soul is a principle of animals, and here I will interpret animals to mean more broadly beings, describing its essence has implications beyond its obvious scope. In unfolding the nature of the soul, it is possible to determine which attributes belong to the soul alone and which belong to the organism in virtue of having a soul (Aristotle, De Anima 402a). So besides exploring the nature of life, his analysis will also seek to answer the question of whether all mental states (of the soul) are also material states of the body, or whether some attributes of the soul are unique to it. In doing so, we are confronted with the interesting implication of Aristotle’s position on the mind/body problem, to which I will get to later on. Returning to the question at hand (what is the soul? ), Aristotle starts his investigation by use of his explanatory theory of Hylomorphism, which states that substances are compounds of matter and form, and change occurs when form actualizes matter (Shields). There are three sorts of substances; form, matter, and the compound of form and matter. Matter is potentiality and form is actuality. Form actualizes matter, which possesses the potential to be what it is. So using Aristotle’s example of a bronze statue, the matter, in this case the bronze, only actualizes it’s potential of being a statue when it acquires the form, or the shape and features. Of interest is the third kind of substance, compounds, which make up living beings. The body is the substance as matter, so the soul is the substance as form or shape. Here we get to Aristotle’s preliminary definition of the soul as the actuality of a natural body having life potentially (Aristotle, De Anima 412). It is in virtue of this form, the soul, that makes an organism alive. Without the soul, the body would only have the capacity for life potentially, and so the soul is the essence (the form) of living things. This preliminary definition is taken a step further when Aristotle identifies the soul as the â€Å"first actuality of a natural body that is potentially alive† (Aristotle, De Anima 412a). He claims that the actuality that is the soul is like the actuality that is knowledge, in that we speak of it in two ways. We can distinguish between a state of knowing x and a state of attending to the knowledge of x, where the latter is more of an active process. The passive of state of knowing x is the first actuality, first because it must necessarily come prior to attending or remembering that knowledge i. e. potential precedes actual. Similarly, the soul of a sleeping person is like the passive state, the first actuality, while the soul of an awake person is like the active state. The soul must be the first actuality, for if not we would be forced to say a sleeping animal lacks a soul, a conclusion we do not want to make (Aristotle, De Anima 412a-412b). First actuality seems to correspond to a capacity to engage in the activity of the second actuality, and in this way is a kind of potential to exercise some function, like the ability to engage in thought. Aristotle makes this clear when he states that, â€Å"If the eye, for instance, were an animal, sight would be its soul† (Aristotle, De Anima 412b). Sight is the capacity of the eye for seeing, where sight is the form and the eye is the matter. The first actuality is the capacity for seeing, and the second actuality is seeing, actively exercising the potential ability. So it seems that beyond defining the soul as the ‘first actuality of a natural body that is potentially alive’, we can say the soul is a set of capacities that characterize living things. These characteristic capacities are different in different beings, and we will see that it is by these that Aristotle creates his hierarchy of ensouled beings or the degrees of souls. I will return to this distinction later in this paper, when describing how the souls of different ensouled beings differ. At this point we have a definition of the soul, but as Aristotle stresses throughout his various works, we must determine the cause or explanation in order to truly grasp the essence, and therefore get at complete picture of his view of the soul. The definition just given explains the what, but a full account must explain the why. He states in the Physics, â€Å"for our inquiry aims at knowledge; and we think we know something only when we find the reason why it is so, i. . , when we find its primary cause† (Aristotle, Physics 194b). His criteria for an adequate definition, one that is sufficient for knowledge, rest on his theory of causation and explanation. The four causes include the material cause, formal cause, efficient cause, and final cause. Material cause is what something is made of, the formal cause is the form or pattern of which a thing is what it is, the efficient cause refers to the agent of change or rest, and the final cause is the intended purpose of the change or the reason why a thing is done (Shields). We must, therefore, determine why the soul is what it is in virtue of these four general causes. The soul is the principle and the cause of the living body, for it is in virtue of the soul that the body is alive, and thus it plays an explanatory role. It is the cause of the living body in three of the four ways, as â€Å"the source of motion, as what something is for, and as the substance of ensouled bodies†(Aristotle, De Anima 415), corresponding to the efficient cause, the final cause, and the formal cause respectively. It is the source of motion in that it causes growth and decay in the organism. The soul is also the cause of the living body by being the final cause, as the body is merely an organ for the sake of the soul, aimed at the soul. And finally, the soul is the formal cause of the living body for it causes life by being the form and actuality of what is potentially. The body makes up the fourth cause, the material cause, by being the matter that makes up a living organism (Aristotle, De Anima 415). I will use Aristotle’s example of the nature of a house as described in Book One, when he is discussing the importance of form, in order to better illustrate the necessity for analysis of a concept under his theory of causation and explanation. To merely define a house as stones, bricks, and timbers, is not to capture its full essence. A house is stones, bricks, and timbers (material cause), built into an enclosed structure (formal cause), fashioned together by a carpenter (efficient cause), in order to provide shelter from the elements (final cause). We can describe the what, but without further details about the explanation, we don’t really know the nature of a house. Similarly the soul is why, it gives the explanation for, the life activities of a living body. At this point Aristotle’s notion of the soul is quite clear; it is the first actuality of a natural body that is potentially alive, it is a set of capacities for life-giving and defining activities of organisms, and it is the form, the source of motion, and the means (it directs) to the end of the living body. Souls of different living beings are differentiated by their capacities to engage in the activities characteristic of that type of organism, which comprise their livelihood and survival. It is these differentiating faculties that make up the soul. Among these faculties are the nutritive and reproductive, perceptive, locomotive, and the capacity for thought and understanding. Aristotle claims, â€Å"the soul is the principle of the potentialities we have mentioned—for nutrition, perception, understanding, and motion—and is defined by them† (Aristotle, De Anima 413). There are three types of souls, arranged in a nested hierarchy, so the possession of a higher soul entails possession of all that are below it. The lowest, or most basic, in this hierarchy is the nutritive soul. All living things possess the capacity for self-nourishment, for without this they would not live. Next is the sensitive soul, which is possessed only by animals. The highest type of soul is the rational soul, belonging only to humans. These three souls are differentiated by their function, corresponding to the ensouled being in possession of the soul with the power to exercise that function. While the animal soul possesses the nutritive and the sensitive, and the human soul the rational as well, each has but one unified soul with a various sets of capacities (Shields). The nutritive soul is the potentiality held by all living things to preserve it and equip it for life. The function of this soul is the use of nourishment and generation, or reproduction. Generation is the most natural function, as it is a means for a living being to participate in the future (the â€Å"everlasting and divine†) by producing something else of its own sort. The use of nourishment allows the being to preserve itself, only existing while it is nourished. Nourishment allows an organism to grow as well as decay, according to its form. Since all living things possess the nutritive soul, all living things have the capacity for self-nourishment, growth, decay, and for reproduction. Further, since all nourishment involves digestion, and digestion involves heat, all beings contain heat (Aristotle, De Anima 415-416). The sensitive, or perceptive soul, distinguishes plants from animals. Perception is a type of alteration, in that a suitable sense-organ in perception is affected or changed by an external object. The external object acts as the agent, possessing the qualities in actuality that the sense-organ possesses potentially. Aristotle describes that it is through an intermediate condition, such as air, that sense organs receive the forms or qualities of the objects of perception, not the matter, when involuntarily acted upon by the external object. Thus, the sensitive soul has the capacity to receive sensible forms, resulting in perception. The sense-organs become like the agent after being affected, or receiving the qualities (Shields). Again, we can see Aristotle returning to his theory of Hylomorphism in describing perception as the change in the sense-organ as a result of the acquisition of form. The potential of the sense-organ is made actual in virtue of the external object which possesses the form in actuality. Aristotle states that every animal has the sense of touch, but not all possess the sense of sight, hearing, taste and smell. Animals are further distinguished along these lines; while each possesses a nutritive and a sensitive soul, there are various degrees of complexity of the latter soul corresponding to the activities of the animal. Aristotle continues further that the possession of the perceptive soul implies that the animal has the capacity to desire, and desiring includes appetite, emotion, and wish. He also determines possession of this soul entails the ability to feel pleasure and pain and it is in virtue of this soul that some animals possess the power of locomotion (Aristotle, De Anima 413-415). The rational soul, perhaps the most difficult section to interpret of De Anima, is essential and indicative of humans alone. It is in virtue of the rational soul, the intellect, that we come to know and understand things. The intellect is the seat of thought and thus reason. Thinking is similar to perception, as it involves the reception of form by a suitable capacity. However, while the object of perception is external and is the composite of form and matter, the object of thought is within the soul and is form alone (Shields). While hard to follow, I believe the objects of thought are the forms of forms; they get their intelligible forms in virtue of the sensible forms sensed in perception. Aristotle discusses the concept of â€Å"appearances†, which are different from perceptions and beliefs, for appearances exist while we sleep, with no external stimuli actualizing the ‘sensation’, and beliefs involve conviction, while appearances do not. Appearances are images resembling objects of perception (Aristotle, De Anima 428). It is helpful to think of appearances as the representation of reality we see in imagination. I believe Aristotle is claiming that it is these appearances that are the objects of thought. In intellection, the mind is made to be like the object of thought through reception of its intelligible form. The intellect is pure potentiality, it potentially has all of these objects of thought, and only in thought do these intelligible forms become actualized in the mind (Shields). As Aristotle’s philosophical worldview rests on a Hylomorphic principle, it is difficult to see how the alteration, bringing the intellect from potentiality to actuality in thought, comes about. In perception, this is in virtue of an external object that acts as an agent for change in the sense-organ. But what is the agent of change in intellection? Aristotle divides the intellect into the active and passive intellects. The active intellect acts as the agent of change; when the mind thinks the active intellect actualizes the intelligible forms in the passive intellect. The passive intellect stores the concepts of knowledge and intelligible forms in potentiality, to be recalled by the active intellect during thought. This means however, that the actual must precede the potential, contrary to what was discussed above. The nature of the active intellect is its activity, so it must be unremittingly active in order to cause the passive intellect to act and us to have thoughts and reason. If it is continuously active, this part of the rational soul must be eternal and thus stands in stark contrast with the rest of the souls Aristotle posits, but this controversial point is something I will not take up in this paper (Shields).

Monetary policy in the US Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Monetary policy in the US - Research Paper Example A monetary policy is the number one responsible for the country’s economic progress and the state’s overall development. The country’s monetary policy manages extensively all financial matters that concern the state. Its formulation requires a wide-range of consideration and employs complex economic concepts. Various factors affect the country’s financial condition which in effect impacts the overall development of the monetary system. It is the same with the United States, it takes a careful study and analytical approach when dealing with the monetary policy of the country. A monetary policy is the number one responsible for the country’s economic progress and the state’s overall development. The country’s monetary policy manages extensively all financial matters that concern the state. Its formulation requires a wide-range of consideration and employs complex economic concepts. Various factors affect the country’s financial condition which in effect impacts the overall development of the monetary system. It is the same with the United States, it takes a careful study and analytical approach when dealing with the monetary policy of the country. A monetary policy is the number one responsible for the country’s economic progress and the state’s overall development. The country’s monetary policy manages extensively all financial matters that concern the state. Its formulation requires a wide-range of consideration and employs complex economic concepts. Various factors affect the country’s financial condition which in effect impacts the overall development of the monetary system. It is the same with the United States, it takes a careful study and analytical approach when dealing with the monetary policy of the country. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW There had been numerous texts on the subject of monetary policy published in the past. It ranges from the theory of monetary policy to specific monetary policy applications. Authors like Michael Woodford, V. Chick have written manuscripts on the Theory of Monetary Policy such as the Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy, and The evolution of the banking system and the theory of monetary policy, respectively. Frederic Mishkin has written a Monetary Policy analysis in Monetary Policy Strategy. Manuscripts about monetary policy in the U.S. had also been published by authors like Richard Timberlake and John Odell. Monetary Policy in the United States: An Intellectual and Institutional History, and U.S. international monetary policy: Markets, power, and ideas as sources of change, respectively. 3. THE RESEARCH 3.1 BACKGROUND OF THE U.S. ECONOMY Today, America is one of the richest countries in the world with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita of $48,442 (â€Å"World Bank†). It ranked seventh on Forbes 2012 World’s Richest Countries based on the Purchasing Power Parity Adjusted - GDP per Capita (â€Å"World’s Richest Countries†). In terms of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) alone, America has the largest national economy in the world. The country currently has a GDP of $14, 657.8 billion which corresponds to almost 25% of the entire world’s GDP (â€Å"2012 Macro-Economic†). The country dominates world’s major industries like electronics, energy and medicine in the form of services, industrial and trading (â€Å"

The Regulation of Financial Reporting Case Study

The Regulation of Financial Reporting - Case Study Example These restatements reduced previously reported net income as follows: 1997, $28 million (27% of previously reported $105 million); 1998, $133 million (19% of previously reported $703 million); 1999, $248 million (28% of previously reported $893 million); and 2000, $99 million (10% of previously reported $979 million). 1 On December 2, 2001, Enron filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. With assets of $63.4 billion, it is the largest US corporate bankruptcy.2The Enron Scandal was the most controversial time for the American Financial Markets as the tax-deferred 401(k) retirement plans of the Enron employees were reduced to nothing. The reason Enron's bankruptcy concerns the field of accounting greatly is that its prominent ,long-time auditor, Arthur Andersen, was charged with a large dereliction of duty and even fraud by the press and members of the US Congress and is still facing countless lawsuits. The current position in the Aftermath of this fiasco is that the Securities and Exchange Commission has called for the creation of a new oversight body to regulate and discipline published financial reporting.The SEC, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and the American Institute of CPAs ( AICPA) are all under constant fire for not having clarified and properly implemented the GAAP rules relating to special-purpose entities which were the sham vehicles of Enron's shoddy accounting financial statements. 3 The following table shows some of the accounting statements/figures for Enron 4 This table shows some of the information that was used to mislead the public about the health and wealth of this promising company. Enron became a household name during its zenith, due to its promising financial records. This table shows the data from Enron Corps Annual Reports with its very promising figures concerning the records of its unconsolidated affiliates. _ SUMMARY OF THE EVENTS LEADING TO THE ENRON DISASTER 1996 The use of unconsolidated SPE's allowing the Senior execs to take money from the Enron accounts without the fact showing on the published financial statements- Senior Executives draw large remunerations for themselves ,and an era of shoddy accounting begins with risky ventures and sunk investments paving the way to financial disaster. 1997 Creation of Chewco to hide debt and inflate profits .. 1998 Financial disasters of capital intensive ventures (including a water distribution scheme and power plants in Brazil.) 1999 Permission by the Enron board of directors to waive conflict of interest rules thus allowing Andrew Fastow to run private companies that do business with Enron. The creation of LJM a sham company which is shown on the records to be buying poorly performing Enron assets. Thus a complex and questionable accounting practices saga begins that will lead to the downfall of Enron's 2000 Filing of fraudulent files for the 10-K , 1999 and forged correspondence on accounting matters.There is a large scale sale of Enron shares and more fraudulent filing of accounts for the third quarter of 2000 2001 This was a crucial year for Enron as its Ceo's committed further security fraud by omitting the company's poor financial and the Enron executives got bonus checks for millions of dollars.Ironically at this time Enron was named

Advertisement appeals as put forth by fowles Essay

Advertisement appeals as put forth by fowles - Essay Example The consumers develop resistance to the adverts of which the advertisement agencies try to use different appeals to reach out to the consumers. The level of penetration depends on the willingness of the consumer to listen or watch the advertisement appeals. Advertisement Appeals as Put Forth By Fowles According to Fowles (2) the advertisers make efforts to thwart the rational, guarded, doubtful clout acquired by the consumers when choosing the brands to buy. Most consumers develop a certain clout around their thinking which the advertisers try as much as possible to avoid. In doing so, the advertisers make effort to appeal to the consumers to prevent reacting without thinking but to pay attention to the fundamental ideas or information being passed through the adverts. This helps the advertisers to realize their main objectives in the advertisement campaigns. There is the utilization of the subliminal plea. This refers to the remarks which are directed to the conditions as well as th inking amongst the merchandisers. It is noted that most buyers and consumers are normally resistant to adverts or develop some form of opposition to the adverts. According to various studies most Americans are exposed to different forms of adverts which come in different media such as the televisions, radio, newspaper, billboards, and direct mails among other media. The consumers try their best to develop a filter in regard to which adverts to listen to or read or watch and which ones to ignore. The advertisers make efforts to be tactical in order to get access to the subconscious mind. Moreover, the advertisers make use of the personality appeal and the need to nurture. This is because there is a presumption that the character of consumers is unique. It also presumes that human beings have different range of unmet urges or desires which must be fulfilled through the advertisements aired over the media. There are appeals such as tenderness, ambitions, lust and susceptibility hence t hey seek resolution. By use of the personality appeal, these mental appeals must be met in order to be receptive to the advertisements being aired over the media. Nevertheless, it always difficult to penetrate through these unfulfilled desires of which other types of appeals must be used to supplement this form of appeal to the consumers. In addition, advertisers make efforts to appeal to the consumers by use of the exceptionally selected pictures of images. This is meant to trigger the shell of consciousness the consumers have developed. The images may be that of celebrities identified by the consumers, female models or very nice looking children. Some make use of the text while the majority makes use of the artwork. It is in the assumption that visual adverts are best appropriate for more primeval parts of the brain system. The consumers can easily be hooked when this form of appeal is combined with impression of satisfaction for stated intention. However, most adverts are always prejudged by the consumers with the type of content in the sense that majority tend to give the impression that if the consumers lack something, they have a solution or substitute for fulfilling their desires. Another form of appeal for most adverts that are aired over the media is the intense running force in the thoughts of the consumers. In line with this form of appeal is the creation of near permanent attachment to the products or services being merchandized. The identity of products, their producer, forms of packaging and the aims that are attached to its usage. The consumers have to be made aware of the most trivial details

Educational Linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Linguistics - Essay Example The Spartans of Greeks uses the education for military and discipline purposes to make every citizen invincible in war and to develop conformity and obedience. They have physical and military education, moral training, very little intellectual trainings, music, gymnastic and vocational education. All financing was shouldered by the State. The most that we can emulate from the Spartans is the military education and the development of patriotism and discipline. The Athenians are the greatest lawmakers of all time. They use education for creating good citizens, individual excellences and many-sided development. There is civic and moral trainings, physical and intellectual education and arts. This early Athenians have contributed the free development of all human capacities and the Olympic Games. The Later Athenians came by the Sophist, pragmatic and utilitarian, also by Socrates, as education is used for the development of the power of thinking, by Plato, to control by intellectual rulers and by Aristotle, as education is used for rational living. They have moral and professional, vocational, domestic and intellectual trainings, physical, military and civic trainings, aesthetic and cultural education, sports and games. We learned from them, the Socratic method of teaching, the realm of philosophy of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and others. Also the Euclidean geometry and the arts and classical literature. The Romans are also part of the stem of education. Education was for practical purposes, in which it is use to produce men who would be active and efficient in daily life. Also in moral, military, civic and political and religious also for oratorical or in public speaking. They need speech trainings literacy and vocational education. The outstanding contribution of them is the methods of organization, management and administrations. The Early Christians also used education during their times like in learning their relationship with God. Also for their salvation and social relations which are based on love. They use the lecture method in teaching, dialectic or the question and answer method) Aphorism, parable method and figures of speech. They contributed to humanity is the Christianity . The education we have now is the product of the long processes and progressions that happened on the past time. The traditional Education's foundation, that starts from the primitive people, in which the education aims to survival and security from the natural phenomena and from the wild animals and the believed evil spirits, hunger and from other tribes. There is no classrooms intended for studies, their agencies of education is the home and their environment. There is no organization of grades also. All instruction was than informally, enculturation. They learn from observation and imitation, from simple telling and demonstration and also from participation.

Case week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case week 2 - Essay Example U.S. companies justify this trend by indicating that it reduces their costs which in the end, makes them more competitive globally. The country that benefits from the outsourcing of skilled white-collar jobs to developing nations are the developing nations because it provides employment to their people. The losers are the other skilled white-collar workers in the rich nations because they will find difficulty in looking for a job since it was outsourced from other countries who have a much lower labor cost. These white-collars workers in the rich country may either be out of job or will be forced to accept a job which offers a lower rate just to remain competitive. Opponents of outsourcing claim that â€Å"the loss of competitive advantage to other countries is permanent and the American worker and economy lose forever (Saleem, 2008). Yes, the United States will suffer from the loss of high-skilled and high-paying jobs because most companies would rather hire individuals from Third World countries who have the same skills as those found in the U.S. but the cost of labor will be cheaper. Since outsourcing means fewer jobs for the Americans, it means that the unemployed sector of the U.S. will not have the capacity to spend. If they do not have the purchasing power, then those who produce the goods will not earn too (Saleem, 2008). Proponents of outsourcing however say that outsourcing is necessary for the productivity and competitiveness of the U.S. economy since the companies realize cost savings from hiring people at lower rates. (Elstrom, 2007). c. Is there a difference between the transference of high-paying white-collar jobs, such as computer programming and accounting, to developing nations and low-paying blue-collar jobs? If so, what is the difference, and should government do anything to stop the flow of white-collar jobs out of the country to countries such as India? There is not much difference between the transference to

Airport Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Airport - Article Example Airports receive their financial support from the general airport revenue bonds and state grants. However, they also rely on businesses and passengers using the airport. Additionally, the shippers also contribute immensely towards their success in meeting the operating expenses. The funds contribute to its airport successive running. Development has also played a significant role towards reducing aircraft pollutions. For instance, it has led to the production of new designs of airframes that reduce the noise created when a plane or jet displaces air when moving at high speed. Engine manufacturers have also managed to come with engines with reduced velocity of engine exhaust. Additionally, advancement in technology has also led to the replacement of the oldest and noisiest with new quieter technology. Since airports look like small cities, their organization is just like that of a small city. It has departments for purchasing, finance, personnel, and public relations. Additionally, they have fire department that handles fire tragedies. Airport departments enhance the success of activities in airside and groundside capacities. Development of the airport relies on the funds collected. These departments enable air transport to be

Macbeth Analysis Essay Example for Free

Macbeth Analysis Essay In the beginning Macbeth starts out as a successful and respected warrior, who leads King Duncans army. Then his life starts to go downhill for him when he decides to follow to a witches prophecy. His wife Lady Macbeth pressures him to kill Duncan while he is staying at the Macbeths castle. At first, Macbeths ambitions overcome his doubts and hesitations, but later both he and his wife are driven to insanity by their guilt. Macbeth then goes on to kill suspicious Banquo, and he also plans to kill Macduff, who too has his own suspicions about Macbeth. Macbeth is not in the right state of mind to grieve when his wife dies from her mental anguish. Finally, Macduff kills Macbeth in battle, and Malcolm becomes the new king. The context of our key scene (Act 2, Scene 3) is about Duncans murder by Macbeth. Macbeth has his own strong motivations not to kill Duncan, but is pushed and pressurised into it by the witches and Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth gives her husband advice to look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it, which means he must be vicious inside but appear innocent on the outside to the rest of the characters, which they have to do even after the murder. There is a sense of suspense, such as, how will the thanes react to the murder? Will Macbeth get away with it forever? And will his plan be successful? Act 2, Scene 3 is about the aftermath of King Duncans murder by Macbeth. It begins with a rather comic interlude, where a drunken Porter is roaming about in Macbeths castle and is speaking nonsense, with ironic mentions about hell. He opens the door to Macbeth and Lennox, and they go to the quarters where they find that Duncan is dead. Lennox and others are genuinely shocked, whilst guilty Macbeth babbles too much about the situation, and even his wife makes it slightly look as if she is more concerned about her house than the kings death. Sly Lady Macbeth turns the attention and suspicion away from her husband by fainting. Duncans sons Malcolm and Donaldbain fear for their lives and run away to neighbouring countries. Both our main characters develop in similar and different ways. Macbeth has constant doubts about the murder, then immediately feels shameful after he commits it. Both he and his wife struggle to talk without dropping small suspicious clues, but lady Macbeth mainly manages to keep them out of suspicion. Macbeths sense of guilt leads to panic, as he is forced to be deceptive to cover up his crime. There is hesitation in his speech, and guilty remorse is revealed through his actions. Although he was pushed by his wife to kill Duncan, he wasnt inspired by anyone to kill the guards. He is forced to take action to control the situation, and feels he has to keep killing because there is no going back. He is starting to experience with the consequences, like the poison chalice. Up until now, Lady Macbeth has been the prime mover, but is now beginning to crumble and is no longer the strong person that she was. She does show some human sensitivity in her, even if she is evil. She has a genuine wifely devotion and loyalty to her husband. Also, she knows that she cant go very far in the world of that era because she is a woman, so she is getting close to somewhere high through Macbeth. Lady Macbeth may be sad and evil partly due to losing her child, compared to Lady Macduff, who has children and seems to be a nicer, calmer person. In this play, we can see the theme of appearance vs. reality, as the Macbeth couple are forced to conceal the guilty reality of their crime by putting on innocent appearances. It was Lady Macbeth who quoted the image of appearing like the innocent flower, but being the serpent under it, by which she meant to be brutal but act innocent. There are images with references to heaven and hell, such as when the drunken porter appears to be talking nonsense, but his words actually make some sense. Some of his quotes include if a man were a porter of hell-gate and whos there in the name of Beelzebub?, which seems to link in with the evil deed that Macbeth has just committed. Macbeths act of killing the king is called regicide, which leads to confused events. To kill a king was seen as damnable because it was removing Gods representative on earth. Macbeths image of the fountain being stopped (by him, which he doesnt make obvious) shows an interference with the Divine Right of Kings, a belief that royalty is passed down in the family. As with most tragedies, betrayal is very prominent in this play. He betrays his guest and king Duncan by killing him instead of protecting him. We see the use of iambic pentameter, and this is when a line follows a certain rhythmic pattern, such as confusion now hath made his masterpiece. We can see a tragic structure in the play of Macbeth. Firstly, as with most tragedies, he falls from an elevated position to a tragic demise. At the beginning of the play he is a war hero, but after some bad influences and wrong choices, becomes disgraced, isolated, and finally killed. Macbeths fall is seen in this scene when he kills innocent people to cover up his first murder; he declines into insanity and loses control of the situation. He has an internal conflict between the benign and malign sides to his characters. His benign side is telling him not to do the murder, then after it happens he thinks if I could turn back time, wishing he had not done it after all. Then there is his malign ambition to be king and become powerful no matter what, and to listen to the bad advice of Lady Macbeth and the witches. There is the prominent theme of betrayal, which Arthur Miller of A View from the Bridge said is the key to many tragedies. Macbeth betrays many people such as Duncan, by not protecting him as his host, Banquo, by also killing him, Macduff, by giving orders for his family to be killed, God, by removing his designated representative on earth, Scotland, by leaving it in a political vacuum, and even himself, for sinking so low. He lies a lot to conceal his guilt and murder. There is an overwhelming sense of wasted potential. Many characters such as Duncan, Banquo, and even Macbeth himself should all have lived peaceful, happy, contented lives, but Macbeth spoils it for all of them. There is also the chance that Macbeth could have become king honourably without the need to kill. Also, Malcolm could have become king earlier without the chaos which leaves Scotland unsettled, and the political vacuum. In this scene we see Macbeth become an independent murderer without influence from anyone. He is visibly a deceitful liar, and there are many beginnings of chaos. The events of our key scene (Act 2, Scene 3) leave us questioning what will happen next and wanting to know more. This is how Shakespeare evokes suspense in the play of Macbeth. After Macbeth commits the terrible murder, we are left wondering what will happen to the state of Macbeths mind, as we later find out that his increasing insanity finally finishes him off. We wonder if the Macbeth couple will ever be found out of their wicked conspiracy. Although they do not get caught by country officials, they see the suspicions from Banquo and Macduff. We could even say that the Macbeths punish themselves in a way, by having to face the guilt-ridden consequences of their actions. From the beginning, Lady Macbeth has been the more prominent partner in the relationship, but her mental decline seems to affect her quicker than Macbeth, even to the point that she dies and he does not seem to care much. Going back to the murders aftermath, there is the question of who will be the new king, and what will happen to Scotland from this point. We, as the audience, are waiting to find out what happens next, and see that some of our questions are answered, and some are not, (like, what exactly happened to Lady Macbeths child that she had vaguely mentioned?).

The History Of Tobacco History Essay

The History Of Tobacco History Essay The drought finally ended and Jamestown turned a corner. A new cash crop was introduced to Virginia which brought prosperity and a path into the future. John Rolfe is credited with being the man who introduced tobacco to America. Tobacco has a long history in the Americas. The Mayan Indians of Mexico carved drawings in stone showing tobacco use. These drawings date back to somewhere between 600 to 900 A.D. Tobacco was grown by American Indians before the Europeans came from England, Spain, France, and Italy to North America. Native Americans smoked tobacco through a pipe for special religious and medical purposes. Tobacco was the first crop grown for money in North America. In 1612 John Rolfe and the settlers of the first American colony in Jamestown, Virginia grew tobacco as a cash crop. It was their main source of money. Other cash crops were corn, cotton, wheat, sugar, and soya beans. Tobacco helped pay for the American Revolution against England. Also, the first President of the U.S. grew tobacco. Ralph Hamor, Secretary of Virginia, reported that Rolfe planted the first tobacco seeds that he obtained from somewhere in the Caribbean, I may not forget the gentleman worthie of much commendations, which first tooke the pains to make triall thereof, his name Mr. John Rolfe, Anno Domini 1612, partly for the love he hath a long time borne unto it, and partly to raise commodity to the adventurers. He crossed the Caribbean breed with the indigenous tobacco to produce a plant well adapted to the local soil. Rolfe gave some tobacco from his crop to friends to make triall of, and they agreed that the new leaf had smoked pleasant, sweete and strong. Rolfes first crop that was shipped to London compared favorably with the Spanish product. The colony prospered and called for women to come to Jamestown and marry the settlers. It became a boomtown and people come in droves to America. While tobacco brought the colonists prosperity, it had a dark side from the beginning. It required a great deal of labor and so created the conditions in which slavery would later flourish. Tobacco would determine Virginias future. John Rolfe was an earlier American settler. His date of birth is unknown, but he was baptized on 6 May 1585 and came to the Colonies in 1610. He was one of many settlers sent by the Virginia Company of London, charged with finding ways to make the New World profitable, and in this assignment Rolfe was wildly successful: The native Virginia variety of tobacco, Nicotiana rustica, had been deemed too bitter for English customers tastes, but in about 1612 Rolfe imported and began cultivating Caribbean tobacco, Nicotiana Tabacum. Ever since, tobacco has been the regions dominant crop. His first wife died en route to the colonies, and Rolfe later married the Native Princess Pocahontas, who had been kidnapped and converted to Christianity. He returned to England with her, where they met with King James I and Sir Walter Raleigh and were greeted across England as celebrity-curiosities. Tragically, she contracted a disease for which she had no genetic immunity smallpox, some say, or pneumonia and died within months. Rolfe, now twice widowed, returned to Virginia where he served in several colonial administrative posts and married a third time. During a 1622 battle with Natives, his home was destroyed, and Rolfe is presumed to have perished, though his body was never found.Through Thomas Rolfe, his son with Pocahontas, Rolfes progeny extends through many generations of Virginias most prominent families, including the Bollings, Randolphs, and First Lady Edith Wilson. The social stature of these families necessitated the insertion of a specific clause in Virginia later laws against miscegeny, defining fourth- and subsequent generation descendants of Native Americans as legally White. Prices for tobacco began to drop because every person had their own farms in their backyards where they couldve planted their own set of tobacco. Alth ough military discipline almost certainly helped motivate the Jamestown settlers to work, tobacco is what eventually saved the colony. In 1612 an Englishman named John Rolfe introduced a mild strain of tobacco that was perfect for smoking. Suddenly the plant was in demand and could make huge profits, and this provided motivation for settlers to work. Unfortunately, the high profit margin encouraged many to grow tobacco for sale rather than plant food to feed the colony. One farmer could grow about one or two thousand plants, which made about five hundred pounds of tobacco. This brought a profit of between  £25 and  £200 per year (farmers in England earned about  £3 profit per year). The promise of huge profits led to a flood of tobacco in the market. By 1629, the bottom dropped out of the tobacco market because of overproduction. The early years of tobacco production were challenging because labor was scarce in Jamestown, and tobacco was a very labor-intensive crop. Many peopl e planted the crop by using sticks to make a small hole in the ground and placing seeds down the hole. Many settlers lived along rivers and streams so the harvested crop could be transported easily. Eventually, many planters recognized the need for an alternative source of labor for the crop in order to maximize profits. One solution for a desperately needed labor force was indentured servitude. Indentured servants usually received passage to the New World in exchange for four or five years of service, although this was later extended to seven years. At the end of service, servants were supposed to receive their freedom and a gift-usually clothes and tools and sometimes a small section of land. The owners of indentured servants did receive some benefits-specifically something called a headright (fifty acres of land for each head or servant bought) as well as cheap labor. Indentured servants could typically travel to Jamestown for less than  £12 per servant. Those who needed labore rs usually attempted to get English servants first, but the system was also extended to include the Irish, a group viewed as less civilized than the English and more like the savage American Indians. Common characteristics of indentured servants can be seen by viewing the populations statistics. More men than women came to the New World as indentured servants. Women were outnumbered four to one and made up only 20 percent of the servant population. Women were not allowed to marry while a servant, so many became pregnant out of wedlock. Some pregnant women escaped servitude while others had to add two years to their term of service. There was almost no incentive to keep indentured servants well fed or healthy, so many servants were mistreated. Some owners bought and sold indentured servants even though this was illegal, and some servants complained of being treated as slaves. As the need for labor increased, many planters began to shift from working indentured servants to owning slav es. Slavery was introduced into Jamestown in 1619, when about twenty Africans were brought to Virginia, along with about ninety Englishwomen. According to the ship log, Africans were sold as indentured servants for food. The women on the ship were purchased with 120 pounds of tobacco and most quickly became settlers wives. Although the word slave was not used yet to refer to Africans, evidence shows that they were not allowed their freedom after a term of service as the European indentured servants were. Therefore, many historians consider these twenty Africans to be the first slaves in what later became the United States. Since there was no incentive to keep indentured servants well fed or healthy, the number of Europeans who would agree to the terms dropped significantly. Some owners bought and sold indentured servants, and some servants complained of being treated as slaves. Planters turned from servants to African slaves because fewer indentured servants would sign on to work fo r a full contract. Many indentured servants tried to escape before their term of service expired. By the year 1618, Virginia produced 20,000 pounds of tobacco. Nine years later they produced over 500,000 pounds of it, and then two more years after they produced over 1,500,000 pounds of it. Each Virginian got 50 acres for themselves whose passage they paid. Rolfe was a very smart guy, the reason I said this is because even though he promised them freedom dues after working over 5 to 7 years, deep down inside he knew that only 1 out of 10 of those slaves would outlive the contract. They were all forbidden to get married. Even though tobacco is what really had put Virginia on the map. By the 1800s, many people had begun using small amounts of tobacco. Some chewed it. Others smoked it occasionally in a pipe, or they hand-rolled a cigarette or cigar. On the average, people smoked about 40 cigarettes a year. The first commercial cigarettes were made in 1865 by Washington Duke on his 300-acre farm in Raleigh, North Carolina. His hand-rolled cigarettes were sold to soldiers at the end of the Civil War. It was not until James Bonsack invented the cigarette-making machine in 1881 that cigarette smoking became widespread. Bonsacks cigarette machine could make 120,000 cigarettes a day. He went into business with Washington Dukes son, James Buck Duke. They built a factory and made 10 million cigarettes their first year and about one billion cigarettes five years later. The first brand of cigarettes were packaged in a box with baseball cards and were called Duke of Durham. Buck Duke and his father started the first tobacco company in the U.S. They named it the American Tobac co Company. The American Tobacco Company was the largest and most powerful tobacco company until the early 1900s. Several companies were making cigarettes by the early 1900s. In 1902 Philip Morris company came out with its Marlboro brand. They were selling their cigarettes mainly to men. Everything changed during World War I (1914-18) and World War II (1939-45). Soldiers overseas were given free cigarettes every day. At home production increased and cigarettes were being marketed to women too. More than any other war, World War II brought more independence for women. Many of them went to work and started smoking for the first time while their husbands were away. By 1944 cigarette production was up to 300 billion a year. Service men received about 75% of all cigarettes produced. The wars were good for the tobacco industry. Since WW II, there have been six giant cigarette companies in the U.S. They are Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, American Brands, Lorillard, Brown Williamson, and Li ggett Myers (now called the Brooke Group). They make millions of dollars selling cigarettes in the U.S. and all over the world. In 1964 the Surgeon General of the U.S. (the chief doctor for the country) wrote a report about the dangers of cigarette smoking. He said that the nicotine and tar in cigarettes cause lung cancer. In 1965 the Congress of the U.S. passed the Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act. It said that every cigarette pack must have a warning label on its side stating Cigarettes may be hazardous to your health. By the 1980s, the tobacco companies had come out with new brands of cigarettes with lower amounts of tar and nicotine and improved filters to keep their customers buying and to help reduce their fears. The early 1980s were called the tar wars because tobacco companies competed aggressively to make over 100 low tar and ultra low tar cigarettes. Each company made and sold many different brands of cigarettes. In 1984 Congress passed another law called the Compr ehensive Smoking Education Act. It said that the cigarette companies every three months had to change the warning labels on cigarette packs. It created four different labels for the companies to rotate. Since the 1980s, federal, state, local governments, and private companies have begun taking actions to restrict cigarette smoking in public places. The warning labels were the first step. Tobacco companies cannot advertise cigarettes on television or radio. It is against a law that was passed by Congress in 1971. Many cities across the U.S. do not allow smoking in public buildings and restaurants. Since 1990, airlines have not allowed smoking on airplane flights in the U.S. that are six hours or less. State taxes on cigarettes have increased. As it becomes more difficult for tobacco companies to sell their products in the U.S., they are looking outside. U.S. tobacco companies are now growing tobacco in Africa, South America (Brazil and Paraguay), India, Pakistan, the Phillipines, Gre ece, Thailand, and the Dominican Republic. Fifty percent (50%) of the sales of U.S. tobacco companies go to Asian countries, such as Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, the Phillipines, and Taiwan. Where Im from in the Bahamas we have many people who use tobacco for their reasons but most of everyone use it to calm their nerves. Nowadays, even young teenagers smoke cigarettes or other type of drugs. Economics deals with the making and selling of products and services to consumers. Products are things like chewing tobacco, cigarettes, televisions, houses, and cars. Services include medical care, education, and insurance. Consumers are the people like ourselves who buy or receive the products and services. The U.S. has a capitalist economic system. Under this system, one or more people get together and form a company to make and sell something. They do this to make money. The money that they make after paying off their bills or expenses is called profit. In other words, a profit is the m oney they have for themselves after paying rent, salaries, utility bills (electricity, gas, telephone) and buying machines/computers and any other equipment they need to make their product and run their business. When companies sell more than they spend, they make a profit. Selling their products to other countries is called exporting. The product that is sold is called an export. Buying from other countries is called importing, and what U.S. companies buy is called an import. For example, if Ford Motor Company buys steel from Japan to make a car, it is importing a product. Steel is the import. When Ford sells its cars to Brazil, it is exporting. Cars are the exports. When companies or governments export more than they import, they have a trade surplus. A trade surplus is another way of saying a profit. On the other hand, when they import more than they export, they have a trade deficit. A deficit means a debt or money owed to someone else. Throughout history, tobacco companies have had a trade surplus. That is one big reason why they have been important to the economy of the U.S. In 1992 the tobacco industry reported a $5.65 billion dollar trade surplus. In the first half of 1992, tobacco exports were $2 billion more than imports. The taxes that the tobacco companies pay provide a lot of money for the U.S. government. In 1992, Philip Morris alone paid $4.5 billion in taxes. This makes it the largest tax payer in the U.S. The making or manufacturing of cigarettes is almost completely automated. It is done by machines without people. Machines crush and clean tobacco leaves and add chemicals like nicotine. They also roll cigarettes, put on filters, cut them to length, and then package them. All of the six U.S. companies producing cigarettes are large and powerful. They are so strong that not even all the medical reports of the health dangers of smoking and all the laws restricting smoking and advertising have been able to weaken them. They are still able to make big profits by buying up other non-tobacco companies in the U.S. and by selling and making cigarettes outside the country. For example, Philip Morris bought Miller Beer and Kraft General Foods, and R.J. Reynolds bought the Nabisco Food Group and General Entertainment Corporation. The U.S. government and the tobacco companies help each other. Since 1964 all the Surgeon Generals of the U.S. have talked and written about the health dangers of cigarettes. Still, cigarettes are made, advertised, and sold. The tobacco industry gives thousands of dollars to help cover the costs of political campaigns of people running for political office. These are people who want to be elected or reelected as Senators, Representatives, Vice-President, and President. In turn the politicians help the tobacco industry. One way politicians help is continuing the tobacco price support system. Under the price support system, tobacco can only be grown on a certain number of government-approved farms. The gover nment gives farms special, low interest loans to help cover the costs of growing tobacco. The U.S. Department of Agriculture allows a certain amount of tobacco to be grown each year. This is called a quota. It also sets a minimum price for tobacco. When the farmer takes his/her tobacco to the market, any tobacco not sold one cent above the government price is bought by grower cooperatives and stored to be sold another year. Tobacco products are products made entirely or partly of leaf tobacco as raw material, which are intended to be smoked, sucked, chewed or snuffed. All contain the highly addictive psychoactive ingredient, nicotine. Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, lung diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Despite this, it is common throughout the world. A number of countries have legislation restricting tobacco advertising, and regulating who can buy and use tobacco products, and where people can smoke. What Im about to explain to you are some of the effects tobacco can cause to your body and they are, Tobacco stains your teeth and gives you bad breath. Tobacco ruins some of your taste buds, so you wont be able to taste your favorite foods as well. Tobacco causes bleeding gums (gum disease) and cancers of the mouth and throat. When you smoke it also increases your heart rate and blood pressure and causes heart disease and heart attacks. If you try to do activities like exercise or play sports, your heart has to work harder to keep up. Smokers have trouble breathing because smoking damages the lungs. If you have asthma, you can have more frequent a nd more serious attacks. Smoking causes a lot of coughing with phlegm (mucous).Tobacco can cause emphysema (lung disease) and lung cancer. Smoking causes dry, yellow skin and wrinkles. The smell sticks to your skin. Less blood and oxygen flows to your muscles, which causes them to hurt more when you exercise or play sports. These are some of the effects that tobacco does to you and your body. Tobacco is very addictive, it starts out as something they try just to try or do it through peer pressure. They usually start out with something not as strong like red man or beechnut because regular dip will make you sick the first time you try it. From there they usually go to pouches and when the buzz is too weak from that they use regular dip, then they are hooked. The nicotine craving from there is hard to overcome. A lot of people who work outside like to dip because when you get used to the buzz it feels amazing. It is really relaxing, That is also why you see a lot of major league baseb all players who dip especially when they are hitting.. it keeps them nice and relaxed. Dip is a simple tobacco product that you can chew. Tobacco Company gave away about 2 billion cigarettes to our troops abroad. Back then the negative effects of tobacco on peoples health were largely unknown. Nicotine masks fatigue and hunger, also help focus thoughts and provides a calming effect. It was largely thought nicotine also caused a heightened sense of awareness thus making one a better soldier. Many people also like the taste and aroma of burning tobacco. Its also noted that nicotine helps with the symptoms of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, in fact many mental health programs give free cigarettes to their patients, both as an incentive to attend and because of the calming effects. Unfortunately nicotine is highly addictive and is also a carcinogen. You know before WWI lung cancer was so rare doctors often traveled across country to get a glimpse at a case. Nationwide there was some thing like 11 cases per year, not the case anymore though. I advise no one to do drug unless its for health reasons. Many children and teens use cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco because their friends do. Movies and TV shows can make smoking seem attractive. Teens, especially girls, often use smoking to try to control their weight. Teens may think that smoking is a way to look more mature, independent, and self-confident to their peers. They may smoke to rebel against their parents. Most teens do not know how addictive cigarettes are. Peers may persuade teenagers and even younger children to try tobacco. Even if they do not try verbally to influence another person, simply using tobacco around young people can motivate them to mimic the behavior. Only because they want to fit in, or seem more mature than they really are, they try using tobacco. When teenagers or younger people first begin using tobacco, it is easy to limit usage. They may only use it during parties or when ar ound friends who use tobacco. They may believe that tobacco is not addictive for them and that they can continue to control their use indefinitely. Little that they know is nicotine is very addictive, and eventually they will likely become addicted as well. Nicotine is a nitrogen-containing chemical an alkaloid, which is made by several types of plants, including the tobacco plant. Nicotine is also produced synthetically. The type of nicotine found in tobacco plants, comes from the nightshade family. Red peppers, eggplant, tomatoes and potatoes are examples of the nightshade family. Apart from being a substance found in tobacco products, nicotine is also an antiherbivore chemical, specifically for the elimination of insects it used to be extensively used as an insecticide. When humans, mammals and most other types of animals are exposed to nicotine, it increases their heart rate, heart muscle oxygen consumption rate, and heart stroke volume these are known as pharmacologic effect s. I advise every single person, stay far away from anything that has nicotine in it, most products that do have that in it is tobacco which isnt good for neither you nor your body.

Strategy For Success In College

Strategy For Success In College Exemplification Essay: Write an essay presenting your formula for achieving success in college. You may, if you wish, talk about things such as scheduling time, maintaining a high energy level, and learning how to relax. Use examples from your own experience to make your point. Purpose: The main focus of this essay will be supporting a thesis with examples to illustrate or explain a general point; demonstrating focused, organized and developed paragraphs; and successfully incorporating quotes into your writing. Laid out in front of you is one of the most important examinations in your course. With sweat dripping and your palms perspiring, you anxiously flip through the pages of this never ending examination. Your mind spins and you are overwhelmed by the questions that you have no clue how to do. You know you should have studied, but it is too late now. You had your chance, but you missed it because you were busy playing video games and shopping while you were supposed to be studying and doing your homework. Have you ever experienced this sort of situation before where you felt helpless? By developing good study habits such as managing your time efficiently, preparing and organizing, being aware of and applying your learning style, and maintaining your health, you can become a strong and confident student. One of the main factors contributing to success in college is managing your time efficiently. This allows you to balance between your studies, work, and personal activities. How you use your time reflects on the kind of person you are, and by wisely distributing your time, you can become the person you aspire to be. An instrumental tool for success is a schedule, which can be used to record and keep track of all your assignments and tasks that you are committed to completing. In order to make the best use of your time, it is important for you to know what you want. This helps you set your priorities and become committed to obtaining your desired outcome. Next, you should choose realistic and achievable goals and plan strategies that will help you achieve that goal. It is important to also plan for problems that might arise in order to achieve that goal. One of the most common and serious problems you may encounter is procrastination. Other distractions include the television and other external noises. A quiet and distraction free environment is an ideal studying area. In my first year of high school, I had poor time management skills and suffered from extreme procrastination, which resulted in me achieving low grades. However, after imposing several changes in my life, I began to see drastic changes in my academic life. For one thing, I began to set a timer to cue me in on how much time I should spend on each assignment and how long my study session would last. This helped me finish my work quickly and fight procrastination. In order to combat procrastination, you need to be assertive and take self-control. Dont wait until the last minute to work on assignments, but rather work on them early on so you have more free time. In order to have time for recreation and fun, planning ahead is important. This includes writing down important dates in your schedule and planning how much time you will devote to each assignment or task. In addition to time management, organizing and studying are part of the stepping stones of success. My binders, folders, and cabinets used to be chaotic and disorderly. As a result, I often could not locate my homework assignments. This soon got to a point where I knew I had to change in order to succeed. I insisted on keeping color coded files for my assignments, tests, and other schoolwork and set a cabinet next to my desk with materials ranging from highlighters to rulers in each separate file. Organizing your papers will help you keep track of your grades and, ultimately, progress in your course. Organized notes are a vital studying tool. Knowing and using all your resources is one way to helping you achieve your maximum academic potential. Other ways to enhance your skills are to preview and review the chapter, take adequate notes, and do your homework while the information is fresh in your memory. However, it is not profitable to study a subject for a big chunk of time, having breaks, switching to other subjects, and breaking down chunks of reading will enable you to pay attention better. Another dilemma I was faced with was the inability to concentrate in long study sessions. As a result, I thought of creative ways to help myself concentrate better. I made color coded sticky notes in my textbook and often participated in study sessions. Involvement in a study group with your classmates and asking questions if you don’t understand something are ways that you can become more active in your learning. By developing a habit of regularly studying and having all supplies and materials available, you will become more of an active learner and will soon harvest the fruits of your hard work. Furthermore, in order to learn more efficiently, it is important to know and place emphasis on your learning style. My learning style is auditory. If you are an auditory learner, your best way for learning is to hear the information. Reading the notes out loud or listening to a lecture can help you comprehend the information. If you are a visual learner, you learn best by seeing it in pictures or in action, such as watching a clip or looking at pictures and diagrams. If you are a kinesthetic learner, you learn best by using incorporating all your senses. By using techniques such as conducting an experiment or going on a field trip or tour, you can learn precisely interpret the information. By trial and error, I learned my learning style during the course of my high school career. By reading my notes and chapters out loud, listening to recorded chapters available, and watching clips, I began to unfold a greater learning potential within me. There is one final element that is critical to a successful journey through college. Not only is it important to manage your time efficiently, prepare and organize, and apply your learning style, maintaining your health is just as important. This could include regularly exercising, eating healthy meals, and minimizing your stress. According to a study by Yale University, â€Å"The most important predictors of academic achievement were having no television in the bedroom, maintaining a healthy weight, being physically fit, having a secure source of healthy food, and rarely eating at fast-food restaurants. Other significant factors were not drinking soda or other sweetened drinks and getting enough sleep† (Yale School of Public Health). However, most college students overlook the importance of health and as a result, lead an unhealthy lifestyle. By not getting enough sleep, eating junk food, watching television, and consuming alcohol and drugs, they are prone to many ailments such as emotional and physical stress, obesity, malnutrition, and brain fog. These cause them to lose their ability to focus in class. In addition, most college students suffer from stress due to their hectic schedules. Stress can be minimized by exercising, proper sleep, taking breaks in between work, and meditating. Besides reducing stress, eating healthy is also an indicator in academic success. During breaks I have between study sessions, I snack on healthy foods like baby carrots with ranch or celery with peanut butter. Moreover, exercise is the key to leading a healthy lifestyle. No matter how hectic your life may be, always find a few minutes a day to go out for a walk. I go for a jog after studying to clear my head. By eating healthy and exercising, you can increase your focus and concentration, which leads to a higher energy level and ultimately, higher grades. Imagine the same student from earlier, this time with: better time management, more organization and preparation, and a healthier lifestyle. By eating fruits and vegetables, setting time aside for exercise several times a week, keeping a planner at hand with all his assignments and events written down, he has turned his academic life around. He used to get anxious about taking tests, but this time, he has studied for the test every day for the last two weeks, and knows he understands the material and has nothing to fear. He is confident in his ability to do well because he has structured his life to optimize for academic success.   

Charles Manson :: Biography Serial Killers Essays

Charles Manson Charles Manson. He and his cult, "The Family," together killed seven people, bloodied and butchered. The people who he and others killed, the Tate and LaBianca families, were wealthy and well-off. What could have made them do such a thing without pity or remorse? Read on........ MANSON: The Man Himself In 1954, Manson set up a commune-based cult, drawing in hippies, drifters. and the unemployed at the Spahn Ranch, near Los Angeles. Manson had lovely ideas and his followers or "Family" regarded him as a Christ- like figure. They indulged in free love practices, pseudo religious ceremonies, and used drugs such as marijuana and LSD. The Black Panthers were a major black movement in the 1960's. After killing a leader of this movement in self defence, Manson grew scared on the promise of revenge from the Black Panthers. Scared, Manson ordered his followers to practice guerrilla tactics and they did so, without question. Manson sad he taught love because in love there is no hatred, but John Flynn, a man who testified at his trial, testified to some very incriminating admissions by Manson. Barbara Holt, a "Family" member, fled the group before a raid. She later showed up as a prosecution witness, a potential danger to Manson, so faithful members of the "Family" tried to kill her with a hamburger laced with LSD. Before her testimony, another "Family" member, Gary Hinman, who had also fled he group, was killed because he had betrayed the "Family." As you can see, the punishment for crossing the "Family" was severe. Manson makes claims to thirty-five murders. Although he was convicted for others, there was not enough evidence to bring him to trial for the thirty five. THE MOTIVE BEHIND THE MAN The driving force behind Manson's killing was hard to prove and hard to believe. Manson had a plan in his head. When the Beatles first released "The White Album," it was a hit. Manson listened to it often. He had a great devotion to the Beatles, who he believed spoke to him across the oceans in their lyrics and songs. Manson saw the 4 Beatles as the 4 Angels that announced the ending of the world in the bible. (Armageddon) On "The White Album" there are two song titles containing the

Decision To Fund The Atomic Bomb :: essays research papers

"No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times greater than that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue..."( Groueff 355). The words of Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell describe the onset of the atomic age, which began on July 16, 1945 in Alamogordo, New Mexico. This was the site of the first large-scale atomic test, which utilized the tool of destruction that would soon decimate the populations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki less than a month afterwards. This test consummated the years spent developing the bomb, and was the end result of the efforts of nuclear scientists who constructed it, and those of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who made the decision to fund the so-called Manhattan Project. In a letter dated August 2nd, 1939, Albert Einstein first informed President Roosevelt of the research that had been done by Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard with unstable Uranium which could generate large amounts of power and energy (Einstein1 PSF Safe Files). Einstein also included another possible use for the uranium- the construction of extremely powerful bombs, which were capable of destroying a seaport and the surrounding territory. This information may have come precisely at the right time, for in October of 1938 Roosevelt asked Congress for a $300 million military appropriation, and in November instructed the Army Air Corps to plan for an annual production of twenty thousand planes. Later, in 1939, Roosevelt called for actions against "aggressor nations," and in the same year submitted to Congress a $1.3 billion defense budget (Boyer 861). In an accompanying memorandum that was sent with the Einstein letter, scientist Leo Szilard explained the technical science of nuclear fission and stressing the importance of chain reactions (Walls 1 PFS Safe Files). Both documents, the Einstein letter and the Szilard memorandum, were to be delivered by Alexander Sachs, an adviser to Roosevelt’s New Deal since 1933 who would know how to approach Roosevelt and the government (Lanouette 200). It was not until mid-October 1939 that Sachs wangled an invitation to get in to see the President over breakfast (Burns 250). Though Roosevelt found the documents interesting, he seemed hesitant about committing government funds to such speculative research. But after Sachs reminded him of Napoleon’s skepticism of Robert Fulton’s idea of a steamship, Roosevelt agreed to proceed. Regarding the steamship issue, Sachs went on to comment, "This is an example of how England was saved by the shortsightedness of an adversary,"; this insight made Roosevelt greatly consider the creation of the bomb. President Roosevelt authorized a study, but the decision to

Alienation and the Search for Identity

Modernist literature reached its peak between 1900 and 1920’s. Alienation was one of its characteristic themes. Described as either the separation from the self or from the world, alienation, soon, will drive an individual to look for his/her niche in this world. The concept of alienation will be examined through the literary works of Frost, Hemingway, and Hurston. Robert Frost was known for his works depicting realities of rural life. This, he clearly portrayed in his poem Out, Out. The title was elicited from the end of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth: Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player.That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. We see here in Macbeth and in Out, Out the fragility and the seemingly insignificance of life. Life was taken and it was gone in the world. Frost used narrative to create a clear and objective picture of each event in Out, Out. This poem illustrates the difficulty of life in farmlands. The poem begins with the introduction of the snarling and rattling sound of the buzz saw. It implies the danger it can bring to anyone near it, most especially to the boy operating it.The scene was described as beautiful and pleasing. From the yard was the view of five mountain ranges, each one behind the other. The family and the scene seemed to be the world in which the boy’s life revolved around with. Nonetheless, the family was too busy too relish all these. Soon, the boy’s sister was finished preparing supper. When she summoned everyone to eat, the boy lost attention of what he was doing and the saw accidentally cut through his hands. The boy knew too well that even though he was young, he was fulfilling an important role in the family.He foresees a grave future if loses his hand and so he tells her sister to tell the doctor not to cut his hands out. It was seen that the boy was more con cerned with his responsibility in the family than his self. If he loses his hand, he knows that he will be of great burden to his family. He will feel alienated from the family who does hard work everyday. By the end of the poem, the boy dies after the removal of his hand and this served to be his escape from estrangement. His family, on the other hand, since they were alive, continued with their concerns.Earnest Hemingway is known for his simple and short sentences bearing complex ideas. One of his classic short stories is Hills Like White Elephant whose main theme revolved around the conflict between the intentions of two people. The story occurred beside a train station in the Ebro River valley in Spain. Hemingway used the third person point of view limiting the readers to read the thoughts of the main characters. Through the exchange of words between the American and the woman named Jig, the readers will soon realize the issue that they were discussing.Aside from the discussion, the use of symbolism enhanced the mood of the story and complemented the words spoken and feelings of the main characters, especially those of Jig. The story begins with the description of the scene: ‘.. there was no shade and no trees and the station was between two lines of rails in the sun. Here, the opposing directions suggest that one is in the midst of perplexity and is needed to decide before long. Following this, the two main characters were introduced. Through their dialogue, it was implied that the characters were discussing about abortion.The day grew hotter which indicated the pressure that builds within the characters. The narrator describes the observation of Jig: The girl stood up and walked to the end of the station. Across, on the other side, were fields of grain and trees along the banks of the Ebro. Far away, beyond the river, were mountains. The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain and she saw the river through the trees. The natural imagery f ormed leads the readers to Jig’s emotions. She sees her current state as the fertile field along the river.On the other hand, in the shadow of the clouds across the field, she sees the despondency abortion will bring to her life. The American wants Jig to pursue abortion so that he can continue with his senseless life of drinking and relentless travelling. Jig, conversely, prefers to deviate from the usual and start settling down. Jig knows what she wants but feels having no sense of self-government. It is as if the American has the last say for whatever she does to her own body. Jig may have her reasons for these. The story concludes with the couple waiting for their train turning up in five minutes.Zora Neale Hurston is a renowned anthropologist and writer of African-American Literature. Her short story Sweat is about a strong woman who has endured fifteen years of hardship from his husband Syke. The story is in narrative form and the use of the third person point of view j ust like the two other literary works mentioned above, created an impartial and rich picture of the scene and the characters. The use of symbolism and allusion provided added meaning to the dialogues. Delia Jones was described as a hardworking woman who worked all week to be able to earn a little.She had been able to put up their house and provide for herself and her husband. She was the representation of goodness in the story while Syke, her husband was the image of evil. Syke was brutal to his wife; he wanted Delia dead so that he could remarry. The townspeople knew what Delia was going through but they remained indifferent. Nothing could help Delia but herself. Her unyielding faith in God had kept her moving on each day of her life. One day, Syke brought home a box containing a six-foot rattlesnake. Delia was furious. Her husband wanted to scare her to death; it pleased him when he sees her terrified.One day the same snake will be the one to reap the life of Syke. Syke was drunk and did not know that the snake escaped from the box. He jumped to the bed where the snake was and it all happened. The snake bit him and then he died. Those fifteen years of marriage and suffering from Syke came to an end. After years of being separated from herself and the world, she was finally free. Free from brutality and distress; she was alive again. She can have what was left of herself and start a new life. Syke’s death served as the solution to Delia’s seclusion from herself and the world. The death of one brought back the life of the other.In the works of Frost, Hemingway, and Hurston, the use of the narrative form and the third person point of view were observed as to have enhanced the ideas presented. Symbolism and the use of figures of speech paired with the dialogues between characters have enabled readers to see the thoughts of the protagonists. In these three literary works, alienation brought the same feelings to the person affected. Fear and wretched ness were felt by the boy in Out, Out; by Jig in Hills Like White Elephant; and by Delia in Sweat. Their lives and decisions are influenced by the world that surrounds them.Both the boy and Delia were able to escape alienation. It was through death that they were able to avoid the feeling of nothingness. In the case of Jig, Hemingway gave the reader the opportunity to conclude the story. Would death be the key for this one, too? References: Frost, Robert. 1916. . Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†. 1927. May 31 2009. . Hurston, Zora Neale. â€Å"Sweat†. 1926. .

Exam Study Sheet

ERP as a business concept resounds as a powerful internal information management nirvana: Everyone involved in sourcing, producing, and delivering the company's product works with the same information, which eliminates redundancies, reduces wasted time, and removes misinformation. Learning outcomes Buffet believes In focused Investing and believes that all Investors should look at five features: 1 . The certainty with which the long-term economic characteristics of the business can be evaluated 2.The certainty with which management can be evaluated, both as to Its ability to realize the full potential of the business and to wisely employ Its cash flows 3. The certainty with which management can be counted on to channel the reward from the business to the shareholders rather than to Itself 4. The purchase price of the business the degree by which an investor's purchasing-power return is reduced from his gross return Innovation finding new six best practices of innovation: Find your re levant edgeAssemble innovation hothouses Reward risk takers Celebrate diversity Look around Mix practitioners and developers Social entrepreneurship â€Å"going green† Social Responsibility implies that an organization has a responsibility to society. Corporate Policy reflects the position a company takes on social and political issues. Sustainable or â€Å"Green† describes systems that minimize damage to the environment. Energy consumption Breakdown of Power Usage in The Typical Data Centre For convenience and to allow for automatic updates and backup, the majority of computer equipment is never completely shut down.It draws energy 24 hours a day. Percentage lighting/humidifier power distribution units air conditioners Ups IT equipment Chiller E waste State – Refers to discarded, obsolete or broken electronic devices Sustainable IT disposal – Refers to the safe disposal of MIS assets at the end of their life cycle Electronic Product Stewardship Canada (P EPS) – an industry association that educates and encourages e-waste control Recent International laws restrict the use of hazardous materials.Moor's Law has made technological devices smaller, cheaper, and faster, allowing more people from all income levels to purchase computing equipment. This increased demand is causing numerous environmental issues. State refers to drives, printer cartridges, cell phones, pods, external hard drives, TV's, Vicars, DVD players, microwaves, and so on. Greener IT four ways to save energy in a data center use outdoor air for cooling, cool high density areas, use low power processors, incorporate cooling solutions, use server power management, buy high efficiency power supplies, use overpopulation to consolidate servers.Organizational social networking three types of social networking an organization can implement: Passive search Boomerangs Marketing networks Passive Search?Finding people for new Jobs who are happy and productive where they thro ugh business networking sites. Boomerangs?Former employees returning to old Jobs. Marketing Networks?Using business networks for marketing and events It's a whole new world Virtual World?An Internet resource which presents a AD virtual community.Virtual Organizations- interactive web presence for businesses and their customers. Virtual Workforce?working from home†¦ Or anywhere via the Internet. Tools for virtual workforce Mobile commerce (m-commerce)?ability to purchase goods and services through a mobile device. Telemetric?The blending of wired and wireless technologies for efficient electronic communication. Electronic tagging?the use of RIFF (radio frequency identification) and other systems to identify and tracking digital assets. 4. Enterprise resource planning ERP Failures Blaming ERP for the â€Å"pickle† that many a company who has implemented ERP find themselves in is like blaming the CAD package for a poorly architect building. Like just about everything else, IT-enabling business processes is about using the right tools for the right reasons and executing. Enterprise resource planning – integrates all departments and functions hat employees can make enterprise-wide decisions by viewing enterprise-wide information on all business operations.ERP powerful organization tools Solution to incompatible applications. Addresses the need for global information sharing. Avoids the expense of fixing legacy systems. Legacy Systems?are older computer technology still in use. Functional Systems? serve single business departments or units. Legacy systems exist in personal computing as well as business Enterprise resource planning system Core data – employees, orders, customers, sales, inventory 0 ERP- Global sales report,Global manufacturing report, global shipping report Enterprise resource planning – ERP Integration Data Flow At the heart of all ERP systems is a database; when a user enters or updates information in one module, it is immediately and automatically updated throughout the entire system â€Å"Data† (centre) – purchasing, accounting and finance, manual resources, inventory, manufacturing, marketing and sales Why do organizations need integrations, if an ERP system contains one database that connects all applications together?Most organizations operate functional â€Å"silos†, and each department happily has its own systems A company might purchase an ERP and then all of the functional silos would be on one system; however, this doesn't happen very often in the real world ERP automates business processes such as order fulfillment?taking an order from a customer, shipping the purchase, and then billing for it.With an ERP system, when a customer service representative takes an order from a customer, he or she has all the data necessary to complete the order. When one department finishes with the order, it is automatically routed via the ERP system to the next department. To find out here the order is at any point, a user needs only to log in to the ERP system and track the order.ERP systems automate business processes, for example, order fulfillment When a Customer Service Representative (CARS) takes an order from a customer, he or she has all the information necessary to complete the order (the customer's credit rating and order history, the company's inventory levels, and the delivery schedule) ERP process flow Data†centre† sales/quote/order warehouse pack/ship receiving returns accounting/billing/payment The organization before ERP Multiple functional systems provide support for the unique needs of each department but cannot be integrated across the enterprise document management, workflow, ERP †¦ Etc The organization after ERP – A central processing needs of each functional unit while having data sharing across the enterprise. Core and extended ERP components The evolution of ERP ERP – material planning, order entry, dist ribution, general ledger, accounting, shop floor control Extended ERP – scheduling, forecasting, capacity planning, commerce, warehousing, logistics ERP -II – project management, knowledge management, workflow management, customer relationship', human resource, portal capabilityCore ERP components – traditional components included in most ERP systems and they primarily focus on internal operations Extended ERP components – extra components that meet the organizational needs not covered by the core components and primarily focus on external operations Core and extended ERP components Three most common core ERP components 1 . Accounting and finance 2. Production and materials management 3.Human resource Accounting and finance ERP component – manages accounting data and financial processes within the enterprise with functions such as general ledger, accounts payable, accounts receivable, budgeting, and asset management Dudley Harley-Davidson Canada (D DCD), the exclusive Canadian distributor of Harley- Davidson motorcycles, has improved inventory, turnaround time, margins, and customer satisfaction?all with the implementation of a financial ERP system Production and materials management ERP component – handles the various aspects of production planning and execution such as demand forecasting, production scheduling, Job cost accounting, and quality control Production and materials management ERP components This figure displays the typical ERP production planning process. The process begins with forecasting sales in order to plan operations. A detailed production schedule is developed if the product is produced, and a materials requirement plan is completed in the product is purchased. Sales forecasting 0 operations planning 0 detailed scheduling/production, 0 materials requirement planning, purchasing Human resource ERP component – tracks employee information including payroll, legal requirements of multiple Jurisdi ctions and tax authorities Extended ERP components include: Business intelligence Customer relationship management Supply chain managementE-business Business intelligence – describes information that people use to support their decision-making efforts Customer relationship management – involves managing all aspects of a customer's relationships with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention and an organization's profitability Supply chain management – involves the management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability E-business – means conducting business on the Internet, not only buying and selling, but also Irving customers and collaborating with business partners Primary Users and Business Benefits of Enterprise Applications Enterprise application – CRM, SCM, ERP Examples parenting/CSS, customers, accosting finance logistics Integration Middlewar e – Several different types of software that sit between and provide connectivity for two or more software applications The connected corporation Enterprise application integration middleware – Takes a new approach to middleware by packaging commonly used applications together, reducing the time needed to integrate applications from multiple vendorsMeasuring ERP Success with the Balanced Scorecard The Four Primary Perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard Vision and strategy – financial, internal business process, customer, learning and growing Balanced Scorecard is a measurement system whose objective is to clarify the company's vision and strategy and translate them into actions. It starts with the customer†¦ Customer?†To achieve our vision, how should we appear to our customer. Financial -â€Å"To succeed financially, how should we be appearing to our shareholders? † Internal Business Process?†To satisfy our shareholders and customers, wh at business processes must we excel at? † Learning and Growing?†To achieve our vision, how will we sustain our ability to change and improve? † Successful ERP projects share 3 attributes 1. Overall fit Off the rack Off the rack and tailored to fit Custom made 2.Proper business analysis Successful companies spend up to 10 percent of the project budget on a business analysis 3. Solid implementation plans A plan is needed to monitor the quality, objectives, and timeliness Overall fit This refers to the degree of gaps that exist between the system and the business process. A well-fitting ERP has no major process gaps and very few minor ones Proper business analysis The best way to determine which fit strategy is right is to conduct a thorough business analysis. Successful companies normally spend up to 10 percent of the project budget on a business analysis. Chapter 5 Operations Management and Supply Chain Management SECTION 5. – OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT â€Å"ove r view† Operations Management Fundamentals MM in Business Information Systems' Role in MM SECTION 5. 2 – SUPPLY CHAIN FUNDAMENTALS Supply Chain Fundamentals Information Systems' Role in the Supply Chain Supply Chain Management Success Factors Future Supply Chain Trends Operations management foundations Production management describes all the activities managers do to help companies create goods. Operations management (MM) is the management of systems or processes that convert or transform resources (including human resources) into goods and services. A transformation process is often referred to as the technical core, especially in manufacturing organizations, and is the actual conversion of inputs to outputs.Operations management fundamentals Operations Involves the Conversion of Inputs into Outputs Example of Inputs, Transformation, and Outputs MM in business Typical MM activities include: Forecasting Capacity planning Scheduling Managing inventory Assuring quality Mo tivating and training employees Locating facilities Forecasting: Estimating demand for a product/service Capacity Planning: Determining the amount of space, equipment and throughput is needed to achieve the production targets. Scheduling: Determining when the production will occur. Managing inventory: Ensuring raw materials will be available on time and in place and that work in progress and finished goods have storage.Assuring quality: Ensuring standards are met through sampling inputs, in process work and outputs. Motivating and training employees: Appropriate pay, benefits, scheduling, and direction, supervision and instructions. Locating Facilities: Determining where to put production facilities and the cost effectiveness of near major markets or away from markets and close to transportation routes. Hierarchy of operational planning IS support for operations strategy depends on IS support for operations strategy depends on: Level of available technology. Skill level of workers. Degree of vertical integration, to what degree the suppliers are owned (or partnered) with the company. Extent to which outside suppliers are used.SUB Strategic Business Unit?is a stand-alone business under a corporate umbrella Strategic Planning?are the collection of decisions focus in doing the right things over a longer period of time MR. Systems?use sales forecast to make sure parts and materials are available Global Inventory Management Systems (SIMS)?locate, track and predict materials and components by installing GAPS in transportation vehicles Operational Planning and Control (POP&C)?deals with day-to-day operations. Competitive MM strategy Five key competitive priorities that can add value for customers: 1 . Cost 2. Quality 3. Delivery 5. Service 1 . Cost?key determinant in a customer purchase decision 2. Quality?product quality should reflect the exact requirements of a customer Process quality ensures a consistent error-free quality level.Several international quality met hodologies exist including Six Sigma Quality, SISSIES, IS014000, TTS, COMIC. An assignment for students is for individual students or groups to research one of these methodologies to see when they started and by whom; what objective is achieved and how; what prominent companies use them today and why; and what the advantages as well as disadvantages there are. 3. Delivery?fast and reliable 4. Flexibility?offering a wide variety of products to customers. Offering a choice of environmentally friendly products and services. 5. Service?New products revert to being commodities quickly. Often the distinguishing factor is the service provided by the supplier. M and the supply chain Supply chain consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in the procurement of a product or raw material Supply chain management (SCM) involves the management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total effectiveness and profitability. The four basic components of Supply chain management (SCM) are: Supply chain strategy Supply chain partners Supply chain operation Supply chain logistics Supply Chain Strategy. A company must have a plan for managing all the resources that go toward meeting customer demand for products or services. Supply Chain Partners – Companies chosen to deliver finished products, raw materials and services.Supply Chain Operations -Scheduling production activities, including jesting, packaging, and preparing for delivery. Supply Chain Logistics?product delivery process and elements including orders, warehouses, carriers, defective product returns and invoicing. A typical manufacturing supply chain: Supplier, storage, manufacturing, storage (finished goods), distribution, retailer, customer A typical service supply chain: Supplier, storage, service, customer SCM software can enable an organization to generate efficiencies within these steps different supply chain components. Impact of Efficient & Effective Supply Chain Management on Porter's Five ForcesEffective and efficient SCM systems can enable an organization to Decrease the power of its buyers Increase its own supplier power Increase switching costs to reduce the threat of substitute products or services Create entry barriers thereby reducing the threat of new entrants Increase efficiencies while seeking a competitive advantage through cost leadership â€Å"Organizations supply chain† Supplier power + 5. 2 Supply Chain Fundamentals Supply chain fundamentals The supply chain has three main links: 1 . Materials flow from suppliers and their â€Å"upstream† suppliers at all levels 2. Transformation of materials into semi-finished and finished products through the organization's own production process 3.Distribution of products to customers and their â€Å"downstream† customers at all levels Collecting, analyzing, and distributing transactional information to all relevant parties, SCM systems help all the different ent ities in the supply chain work together more effectively SCM has significantly improved companies' forecasting abilities over the last few years A Typical Supply Chain for a Manufacturer Supplier/supplies 0 suppliers manufacturer (transformation)Ã'Ëœ distributor retailers customer customer's customer They need to determine all areas and potential threats that make the supply chain vulnerable. For example, An unusually bad season in Australia causes the eucalyptus harvest to fall short of expectation production levels, which causes the price to skyrocket The factory in Lit, Pennsylvania, is destroyed by a fire One of its transportation ships sinks A hurricane causes one of its transportation ships to be delayed The five basic supply chain management components Plan – This is the strategic portion of supply chain management. A company must